SAB 82525 N V2.2

Data Communications ICs High-Level Serial Communication Controller Extended (HSCX) SAB 82525; SAB 82526 SAF 82525; SAF 82526 User’s Manual 10.94 SAB 82525; SAF 82525; SAB 82526; SAF 82526 Revision History: 10.94 Previous Releases: Page 01.92 Subjects (changes since last revision) Update Data Classification Maximum Ratings Maximum ratings are absolute ratings; exceeding only one of these values may cause irreversible damage to the integrated circuit. Characteristics The listed characteristics are ensured over the operating range of the integrated circuit. Typical characteristics specify mean values expected over the production spread. If not otherwise specified, typical characteristics apply at TA = 25 °C and the given supply voltage. Operating Range In the operating range the functions given in the circuit description are fulfilled. For detailed technical information about “Processing Guidelines” and “Quality Assurance” for ICs, see our “Product Overview”. Edition 10.94 This edition was realized using the software system FrameMaker. Published by Siemens AG, Bereich Halbleiter, Marketing-Kommunikation, Balanstraße 73, D-81541 München  Siemens AG 1994. All Rights Reserved. As far as patents or other rights of third parties are concerned, liability is only assumed for components , not for applications, processes and circuits implemented within components or assemblies. The information describes the type of component and shall not be considered as assured characteristics. Terms of delivery and rights to change design reserved. For questions on technology, delivery, and prices please contact the Offices of Semiconductor Group in Germany or the Siemens Companies and Representatives worldwide (see address list). Due to technical requirements components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the type in question please contact your nearest Siemens Office, Semiconductor Group. Siemens AG is an approved CECC manufacturer. 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For packing material that is returned to us unsorted or which we are not obliged to accept, we shall have to invoice you for any costs incurred. General Information Table of Contents Page 1 Features ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Pin Definitions and Functions ................................................................................... 10 1.2 System Integration .................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Functional Description .............................................................................................. 22 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Operating Modes ..................................................................................................... 24 Auto-Mode (MODE: MDS1, MDS0 = 00) .................................................................. 24 Non-Auto Mode (MODE: MDS1, MDS0 = 01) .......................................................... 24 Transparent Mode 1 (MODE: MDS1, MDS0, ADM = 101) ....................................... 25 Transparent Mode 0 (MODE: MDS1, MDS0, ADM = 100) ....................................... 25 Extended Transparent Modes 0; 1 (MODE: MDS1, MDS0 = 11) ............................. 25 Receive Data Flow (Summary) ................................................................................. 26 2.7 Transmit Data Flow ................................................................................................... 27 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 Procedural Support (Layer-2 Functions) .............................................................. 28 Full-Duplex LAPB/LAPD Operation .......................................................................... 28 Half-Duplex SDLC-NRM Operation .......................................................................... 34 Error Handling ........................................................................................................... 38 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 CPU Interface .......................................................................................................... 38 Register Set .............................................................................................................. 38 Data Transfer Modes ................................................................................................. 38 Interrupt Interface ...................................................................................................... 39 DMA Interface ........................................................................................................... 43 FIFO Structure .......................................................................................................... 47 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Serial Interface (Layer-1 Functions) ...................................................................... 49 Clock Modes .............................................................................................................. 49 Clock Recovery (DPLL) ............................................................................................ 57 Bus Configuration ..................................................................................................... 60 Data Encoding .......................................................................................................... 63 Modem Control Functions (RTS/CTS, CD) ............................................................... 63 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Special Functions ................................................................................................... 65 Fully Transparent Transmission and Reception ....................................................... 65 Cyclic Transmission (Fully Transparent) ................................................................... 65 Continuous Transmission (DMA Mode only) ............................................................ 66 Receive Length Check Feature ................................................................................ 66 One Bit Insertion ....................................................................................................... 67 Data Inversion........................................................................................................... 67 Semiconductor Group 3 General Information Table of Contents Page 6.8 Test Mode ................................................................................................................. 68 6.7 Special RTS Function ............................................................................................... 68 7 Operational Description ......................................................................................... 69 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 RESET ...................................................................................................................... 69 Initialization ............................................................................................................... 70 Operational Phase .................................................................................................... 71 Data Transmission .................................................................................................... 71 Data Reception ......................................................................................................... 75 8 8.1 8.2 Detailed Register Description................................................................................ 79 Register Address Arrangement ................................................................................. 79 Register Definitions ................................................................................................... 80 9 Electrical Characteristics ..................................................................................... 108 10 Quartz Specifications ........................................................................................... 118 11 Package Outlines .................................................................................................. 125 Semiconductor Group 4 General Information The SAB 82525 is a High-Level Serial Communication Controller compatible to the SAB 82520 HSCC with extended features and functionality (HSCX). The SAB 82526 is pin and software compatible to the SAB 82525, realizing one HDLC channel (channel B). The HSCX has been designed to implement high-speed communication links using HDLC protocols and to reduce the hardware and software overhead needed for serial synchronous communications. Due to its 8-bit demultiplexed adaptive bus interface it fits perfectly into every Siemens/Intel or Motorola 8- or 16-bit microcontroller or microprocessor system. The data through-put from/to system memory is optimized transferring blocks of data (usually 32 bytes) by means of DMA or interrupt request. Together with the storing capacity of up to 64 bytes in on-chip FIFO’s, the serial interfaces are effectively decoupled from the system bus which drastically reduces the dynamic load and reaction time of the CPU. The HSCX directly supports the X.25 LAPB, the ISDN LAPD, and SDLC (normal response mode) protocols and is capable of handling a large set of layer-2 protocol functions independently from the host processor. Furthermore, the HSCX opens a wide area for applications which use time division multiplex methods (e.g. time-slot oriented PCM systems, systems designed for packet switching, ISDN applications) by its programmable telecom-specific features. The HSCX is fabricated using Siemens advanced ACMOS 3 technology and available in a P-LCC-44 pin package. The data link controller handles all functions necessary to establish and maintain an HDLC data link, such as – Flag insertion and detection, – Bit stuffing, – CRC generation and checking, – Address field recognition. Associated with each serial channel is a set of independent command and status registers (SP-REG) and 64-byte deep FIFO’s for transmit and receive direction. DMA capability has been added to the HSCX by means of a 4-channel DMA interface (SAB 82525) with one DMA request line for each transmitter and receiver of both channels. General Advanced CMOS technology Low power consumption: active 25 mW at 4 MHz standby 4 mW Semiconductor Group 5 SAB SAB SAF SAF High-Level Serial Communications Controller Extended (HSCX) Preliminary Data 1 82525 82526 82525 82526 CMOS IC Features Serial Interface Two independent full-duplex HDLC channels (SAB 82526: one channel) – On chip clock generation or external clock source – On chip DPLL for clock recovery for each channel – Two independent baudrate generators (SAB 82526: one baudrate generator) – Independent time-slot assignment for each channel with programmable time-slot length (1-256 bit) P-LCC-44-1 Different modes of data encoding Modem control lines (RTS, CTS, CD) Support of bus configuration by collision resolution Programmable bit inversion Transparent receive/transmit of data bytes without HDLC framing Continuous transmission of 1 to 32 bytes possible Data rate up to 4 Mbit/s P-MQFP-44-2 Type Ordering Code Package SAB 82525 N Q67100-H6486 P-LCC-44-1 (SMD) SAB 82526 N Q67100-H6512 P-LCC-44-1 (SMD) SAF 82525 N Q67100-H6504 P-LCC-44-1 (SMD) SAF 82526 N Q67100-H6511 P-LCC-44-1 (SMD) SAB 82525 H Q67101-H6482 P-MQFP-44-2 (SMD) Semiconductor Group 6 10.94 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Features (cont’d) Protocol Support Various types of protocol support depending on operating mode – Auto-mode – Non-auto mode – Transparent mode Handling of bit oriented functions in all modes Support of LAPB/LAPD/SDLC/HDLC protocol in auto-mode (I- and S-frame handling) Modulo 8 or modulo 128 operation Programmable time-out and retry conditions Programmable maximum packet size checking µP Interface 64 byte FIFO’s per channel and direction Storage capacity of up to 17 short frames in receive direction Efficient transfer of data blocks from/to system memory by DMA or interrupt request 8-bit demultiplexed or multiplexed bus interface Intel or Motorola type µP interface Semiconductor Group 7 SAB SAB SAF SAF Pin Configurations (top view) RD/IC1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 V DD DRQTA P-LCC-44 6 5 4 3 2 1 44 43 42 41 40 WR/IC0 CS RxDA RTSA CTSA/CxDA TxDA TxDB CTSB/CxDB RTSB RxDB RES 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 HSCX SAB 82525 SAF 85525 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 DRQRA DRQTB DRQRB TxCLKA RxCLKA AxCLKA RxCLKB TxCLKB AxCLKB DACKA DACKB IM1 ALE/IM0 V SS A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 INT 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ITP00944 RD/IC1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 VDD N.C. P-LCC-44 6 5 4 3 2 1 44 43 42 41 40 WR/IC0 CS N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. TxDB CTSB/CxDB RTSB RxDB RES 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 HSCX1 SAB 82526 SAF 82526 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 N.C. DRQTB DRQRB N.C. RxCLKA AxCLKA RxCLKB TxCLKB AxCLKB N.C. DACKB IM1 ALE/IM0 V SS A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 INT 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Semiconductor Group 8 ITP00945 82525 82526 82525 82526 SAB SAB SAF SAF Pin Configurations (top view) DRQRA DRQTB DRQRB TxCLKA RxCLKA AxCLKA RxCLKB TxCLKB AxCLKB DACKA DACKB P-MQFP-44-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 HSCX 28 SAB 82525 H 27 26 25 24 23 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 WR/IC 0 CS RxDA RTSA CTSA/CxDA TxDA TxDB CTSB/CxDB RTSB RxDB RES DRQTA VDD D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 RD/IC 1 Semiconductor Group 9 INT A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 VSS ALE/IM 0 IM 1 ITP05885 82525 82526 82525 82526 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 1.1 Pin Definitions and Functions Pin No. Symbol Input (I) Output (O) Function Data Bus P-LCC P-MQFP 42 43 44 1 2 3 4 5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 I/O 6 11 RD/IC1 I The data bus lines are bidirectional threestate lines which interface with the system’s data bus. These lines carry data and command/status to and from the HSCX. Read, Intel bus mode, IM1 connected to low This signal indicates a read operation. When the HSCX is selected via CS the read signal enables the bus drivers to put data from an internal register addressed via A0-A6 on the data bus. When the HSCX is selected for DMA transfers via DACK, the RD signal enables the bus driver to put data from the respective receive FIFO on the data bus. Inputs to A0-A6 are ignored. Input Control 1, Motorola bus mode IM1 connected to high. If Motorola bus mode has been selected this pin serves either as E = Enable, active high (IM0 tied to low) or DS = Data Strobe, active low (IM0 tied to high) input (depending on the selection via IM0) to control read/ write operations. 7 12 WR/IC0 I Write, Intel bus mode This signal indicates a write operation. When CS is active the HSCX loads an internal register with data provided via the data bus. When DACK is active for DMA transfers the HSCX loads data from the data bus on the top of the respective transmit FIFO. Input Control Motorola bus mode In Motorola bus mode, this pin serves as the R/W input to distinguish between read or write operations. 8 13 CS I Chip Select A low signal selects the HSCX for a read/write operation. Semiconductor Group 10 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Pin Definitions and Functions (cont’d) Pin No. Symbol Input (I) Output (O) Function Receive Data (channel A/channel B) P-LCC P-MQFP 9 16 14 21 RXDA RXDB I 10 15 15 20 RTSA RTSB O Serial data is received on these pins at standard TTL or CMOS levels. Request to Send (channel A/channel B) When the RTS bit in the mode register is set, the RTS signal goes low. When the RTS is reset, the signal goes high if the transmitter has finished and there is no further request for a transmission. In a bus configuration, this pin can be programmed via CCR2 to: – go low during the actual transmission of a frame shifted by one clock period, excluding collision bits – go low during the reception of a data frame – stay always high (RTS disabled). 11 16 14 19 CTSA/ CXDA CTSB/ CXDB I Clear to Send (channel A/channel B) A low on the CTS inputs enables the respective transmitter. Additionally, an interrupt may be issued if a state transition occurs at the CTS pin (programmable feature). If no "Clear To Send" function is required, the CTS inputs can be connected directly to VSS. Collision Data (channel A/channel B) In a bus configuration, the external serial bus must be connected to the respective C × D pin for collision detection. 12 13 17 18 TXDA TXDB O Transmit Data (channel A/channel B) Transmit data is shifted out via these pins at standard TTL or CMOS levels. These pins can be programmed to work either as push-pull, or open drain outputs supporting bus configurations. 17 22 RES I RESET A high signal on this input forces the HSCX into the reset state. The HSCX is in power-up mode during reset and in power-down mode after reset. The minimum pulse width is 1.8 µs. Semiconductor Group 11 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Pin Definitions and Functions (cont’d) Pin No. Symbol Input (I) Function Output (O) IM1 I P-LCC P-MQFP 18 23 Input Mode 1 Connecting this pin to either VSS or VDD the bus interface can be adapted to either Siemens/Intel or Motorola environment. IM1 = LOW: IM1 = HIGH: 19 24 ALE/ IM0 I Intel bus mode Motorola bus mode Address Latch Enable (Intel bus mode) A high on this line indicates an address on the external address/data bus, which will select one of the HSCX’s internal registers. The address is latched by the HSCX with the falling edge of ALE. This allows the HSCX to be directly connected to a CPU with multiplexed address/data bus compatible to SAB 82520 HSCC. The address input pins A0-A6 must be externally connected to the data bus pins (D0-D6 for 8-bit CPU’s, D1D7 for 16-bit CPU’s, i.e. multiply all internal register addresses by 2). This pin should be connected to high for a de-multiplexed bus. Input Mode 0, Motorola bus mode In Motorola Bus Mode, the level at this pin determines the function of the IC1 pin (see description of pin 6). 20 25 VSS I Ground 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 I Address Bus Semiconductor Group These inputs interface with seven bits of the system’s address bus to select one of the internal registers for read or write. They are usually connected at A0-A6 in 8-bit systems or at A1-A7 in 16-bit systems. 12 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Pin Definitions and Functions (cont’d) Pin No. Symbol Input (I) Function Output (O) INT oD P-LCC P-MQFP 28 33 Interrupt Request The signal is activated, when the HSCX requests an interrupt. The CPU may determine the particular source and cause of the interrupt by reading the HSCX’s interrupt status registers. (ISTA, EXIR). INT is an open drain output, thus the interrupt requests outputs of several HSCX’s can be connected to one interrupt input in a "wired-or" combination. This pin must be connected to a pull-up resistor. 30 29 35 34 DACKA I DACKB DMA Acknowledge (channel A/channel B) When low, this input signal from the DMA controller notifies, the HSCX, that the requested DMA cycle controlled via DRQxx (pins 37–40) is in progress, i.e. the DMA controller has achieved bus mastership from the CPU and will start data transfer cycles (either read or write). Together with RD, if DMA has been requested from the receiver, or with WR, if DMA has been requested from the transmitter, this input works like CS to enable a data byte to be read from or written to the top of the receive or transmit FIFO of the specified channel. If DACKn is active, the input on pins A0–A6 is ignored and the FIFOs are implicitly selected. If the DACKn signals are not used, these pins must be connected to VDD. 34 31 39 36 AxCLK A AxCLK B Semiconductor Group I Alternative Clock (channel A/channel B) These pins realize several input functions. Depending on the selected clock mode, they may supply either a – CD (= Carrier Detect) modem control or general purpose input. This pin can be programmed to functions as receiver enable if the "auto start" feature is selected (CAS bit in XBCH set). The state at this pin can be read from VSTR register, – or a receive strobe signal (clock mode 1) – or a frame synchronization signal in time-slot oriented operation mode (clock mode 5) – or, together with RxCLK, a crystal connection for the internal oscillator (clock mode 4, 6, 7, AxCLK A only). 13 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Pin Definitions and Functions (cont’d) Pin No. Symbol P-LCC P-MQFP 36 32 41 37 Input (I) Function Output (O) TxCLK A I/O TxCLK B Transmit Clock (channel A/channel B) The functions of these pins depend on the programmed clock mode, provided that the TSS bit in the CCR2 register is reset. Programmed as inputs (if the TIO bit in CCR2 is reset), they may supply either – the transmit clock for the respective channel (clock mode 0, 2, 6), – or a transmit strobe signal (clock mode 1). Programmed as outputs (if the TIO bit in CCR2 is set), the TxCLK pins supply either the – transmit clock of the respective channel which is generated either from the baudrate generator (clock mode 2, 6; TSS bit in CCR2 set), or from the DPLL circuit (clock mode 3, 7), or from the crystal oscillator (clock mode 4) – or a tristate control signal indicating the programmed transmit time-slot (clock mode 5). 35 33 40 38 RxCLK A I RxCLK B Receive Clock (channel A/channel B) The functions of these pins also depend on the programmed clock mode. In each channel, RxCLK may supply either – the receive clock (clock mode 0) – or the receive and transmit clock (clock mode 1, 5) – or the clock for the baudrate generator (clock mode 2, 3), – or a crystal connection for the internal oscillator (clock mode 4,6,7, RxCLK A/B together with AxCLK A) 39 37 44 42 DRQRA DRQRB Semiconductor Group O DMA Request Receiver (channel A/channel B) The receiver of the HSCX requests a DMA data transfer by activating this line. The DRQRn remains high as long as the receive FIFO requires data transfers, thus always blocks of data (32, 16, 8 or 4 bytes) are transferred. DRQRn is deactivated immediately following the falling edge of the last read cycle. 14 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Pin Definitions and Functions (cont’d) Pin No. Symbol P-LCC P-MQFP 40 38 1 43 Input (I) Output (O) DRQTA O DRQTB Function DMA Request Transmitter (channel A/channel B) The transmitter of the HSCX requests a DMA data transfer by activating this line. The DRQTn remains high as long as the transmit FIFO requires data transfers. The amount of data bytes to be transferred from system memory to the HSCX (= byte count) must be written first to the XBCH, XBCL registers. Always blocks of data (n x 32 bytes + REST, n = 0, 1,…) are transferred till the byte count is reached. DRQTn is deactivated immediately following the falling edge of the last WR cycle. 41 2 VDD Semiconductor Group I Power supply + 5 V. 15 SAB SAB SAF SAF Channel A A0-A6 SP-REG LAP Controller Decoder Collision Detection Transmit FIFO Data Link Controller DPLL D0-D7 RD/IC1 WR/IC0 CS ALE/IMO INT 82525 82526 82525 82526 µP Bus Interface Receive FIFO BRG TSA RxDA TxDA RTSA CTSA/ CxDA RxCLKA Clock Controll AxCLKA TxCLKA RES IM1 TxCLKB DRQTA AxCLKB DRQRA RxCLKB DACKA DMA Interface CTSB/ CxDB DRQTB RTSB DRQRB TxDB DACKB Channel B RxDB ITB00946 Figure 1 Block Diagram SAB 82525/SAB 82526 The HSCX SAB 82526 comprises one (channel B), the SAB 82525 two completely independent full-duplex HDLC channels (channel A and channel B), supporting various layer-1 functions by means of internal oscillator, Baud Rate Generator (BRG), Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL), and Time-Slot Assignment (TSA) circuits. Furthermore, layer-2 functions are performed by an on-chip LAP (Link Access Procedure, e.g. LAPB or LAPD) controller. Semiconductor Group 16 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 1.2 System Integration General Aspects CPU Status Memory Command Figure 2 gives a general overview of the system integration of HSCX. INT System Bus CS DRQTA, DRQRA, DACKA DMA Controller DRQTB, DRQRB, DACKB HSCX DATA Serial Serial Channel B Channel A ITS00947 Figure 2 General System Integration of HSCX The HSCX bus interface consists of an 8-bit bidirectional data bus (D0–D7), seven address line inputs (A0–A6), three control inputs (RD/DS, WR/R/W, CS), one interrupt request output (INT) and a 4-channel DMA interface (DRQTA, DRQRA, DACKA, DRQTB, DRQRB, DACKB). Mode input pins (strapping options) allow the bus interface to be configured for either Siemens/ Intel or Motorola environment. Generally, there are two types of transfers occurring via the system bus: – command/status transfers, which are always controlled by the CPU. The CPU sets the operation mode (initialization), controls function sequences and gets status information by writing or reading the HSCX’s registers (via CS, WR or RD, and register address via A0-A6). – data transfers, which are effectively performed by DMA without CPU interaction using the HSCX’s DMA interface (DMA mode). Optionally, interrupt controlled data transfer can be done by the CPU (interrupt mode). Semiconductor Group 17 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Specific Applications HSCX with SAB 8051 Microcontroller For cost-sensitive applications, the HSCX can be interfaced with a small SAB 8051 microcontroller system (without DMA support) very easily as shown in figure 3. +5 V SAB 8051 CPU INT0 RD WR ALE +5 V DACKA DACKB INT RD WR ALE SAB 82525 CS HSCX RD WR ALE A8 - A15 Channel B A0 - A6 D0 - D7 AD0 - AD7 A8 - A15 AD0 - AD7 Channel A IM1 Latch A0 - A15,D0 - D7 Common Bus Memory ITS00948 Figure 3 HSCX with 8051 CPU Although the HSCX provides a demultiplexed bus interface, it can optionally be connected directly to the local multiplexed bus of SAB 8051 because of the internal address latch function (via ALE, compatibility to SAB 82520 HSCC). The address lines A0 … A6 must be wired externally to the data lines D0 … D6 (direct connection) in this case. Intel bus mode is selected connecting IM1 pin to low ( VSS). Since data transfer is controlled by interrupt, the DMA acknowledge inputs (DACKA, DACKB) are connected to VDD (+ 5 V). Semiconductor Group 18 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 HSCX with SAB 80188 Microprocessor A system with minimized additional hardware expense can be with a SAB 80188 microprocessor as shown in figure 4. +5 V INTn PSCn DRQ0 CS DRQTA DRQ1 DRQRA SAB 80188 CPU DACKA IM1 SAB 82525 HSCX ALE +5 V Serial Channel A Serial Channel B DACKB A8 - A15 AD0 - AD7 Latches INT A0 - A6 D0 - D7 A0-A6 D0-D7 Transceiver System Bus System Memory ITS00949 Figure 4 HSCX with SAB 80188 CPU The HSCX is connected to the demultiplexed system bus. Data transfer for one serial channel can be done by the 2-channel on-chip DMA controller of the SAB 80188, the other channel is serviced by interrupt. Since the SAB 80188 does not provide DMA acknowledge outputs, data transfer from/to HSCX is controlled via CS, RD or WR address information (A0 … A6) and the DACKA, DACKB inputs are not used. This solution supports applications with a high speed data rate in one serial channel with minimum hardware expense making use of the on-chip peripheral functions of the SAB 80188 (chip select logic, interrupt controller, DMA controller). Semiconductor Group 19 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 HSCX with SAB 80186 Microprocessor and SAB 82258 Advanced DMA Controller (ADMA) In applications, where two high-speed channels are required, a 16-bit system with SAB 80186 CPU and SAB 82258 ADMA is suitable. This is shown in figure 5. +5 V INTn HOLD SAB 80186 CPU AD0 - AD15 Latches CS DRQTA DRQRA PSCn HLDA S0 - S2 Transceiver SAB 82258 ADMA AD0 - AD15 DREQ0 DREQ1 DACK0 DACK1 DREQ2 DREQ3 DACK2 DACK3 S0 - S2 DACKA IM1 Serial Channel A SAB 82525 DRQTB HSCX DRQRB & Serial Channel B DACKB A0 - A6 D0 - D7 A0 - A6 D0 - D7 Bus Control System Bus System Memory Figure 5 HSCX with SAB 80186 CPU/SAB 82258 ADMA Semiconductor Group & INT 20 ITS00950 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 The four selector channels of ADMA are used for serving the four DMA request sources of HSCX, allowing very high data rates at both the system bus and the serial channels. Another big advantage of the ADMA is it’s data chaining feature, providing an optimized memory management for receive and transmit data. Recording the HSCX, a linked chain of 32 byte deep buffers can be set up, which are subsequently filled with the contents of the HSCX’s FIFOs during reception. Not used buffers can be saved and linked to another buffer chain reserved for the reception of the next frame. As a result, it’s not necessary to reserve a very large space in system memory, determined by the maximum frame length of every received frame. In this example, the ADMA works directly at the CPU’s local bus and shares the same bus interface logic (address latches, transceivers, bus controller) with the SAB 80186. Since one DMA acknowledge line is provided for each DMA request, two DACK outputs must be ANDed together for input to the HSCX. The HSCX’s data lines are connected to the lower half of the system data bus (D0 … D7) and the address lines to A1 … A7, thus (from the CPU’s point of view) all internal register addresses must be multiplied by two (even register addresses only). e.g. CMDR register: HSCX address 61H < = > system address C2H. 1.3 Functional Description General The HSCX distinguishes from other low level HDLC devices by its advanced characteristics. The most important are: Enlarged support of link configurations. Beyond the point-to-point configurations, the HSCX directly enables point-to-multipoint or multimaster configurations without additional hardware or software expense. In point-to-multipoint configurations, the HSCX can be used as a master as well as a slave station. Even when working as slave station, the HSCX can initiate the transmission of data at any time. An internal function block provides means of idle and collision detection and collision resolution, which are necessary if several stations start transmitting simultaneously. These features were integrated to support multimaster configurations. Semiconductor Group 21 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Point-to-Point Configuration TxD TxD RxD RxD HSCX HSCX Controller Controller ITC02705 RxD - Receive Data Controller TxD - Transmit Data Master HSCX Point-to-Multipoint Configuration TxD RxD CxD TxD RxD CxD TxD RxD CxD TxD RxD CxD TxD RxD HSCX HSCX HSCX HSCX Slave 1 Controller Slave 2 Slave 3 Controller Slave n Controller Controller ITC02694 RxD - Receive Data CxD - Collision Data TxD - Transmit Data Multimaster Configuration CxD TxD RxD CxD TxD RxD CxD TxD RxD CxD TxD RxD HSCX HSCX HSCX HSCX Master 1 Controller Master 2 Master 3 Controller Controller Master n Controller ITC02695 RxD - Receive Data CxD - Collision Data TxD - Transmit Data Figure 6 Link Configuration Semiconductor Group 22 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Support of layer-2 functions by HSCX Beside those bit-oriented functions usually supported with the HDLC protocol, such as bit stuffing, CRC check, flag and address recognition, the HSCX provides a high degree of procedural support. In a special operating mode (auto-mode), the HSCX processes the information transfer and the procedure handshaking (I-, and S-frames of HDLC protocol) autonomously. The only restriction is, that the window size (= number of outstanding unacknowledged frames) is limited to 1, which will be sufficient in most applications. The communication procedures are mainly processed between the communication controllers and not between the processors. Thus the dynamic load of the CPU and the software expense is largely reduced. µP HSCX HSCX µP S Frame I Frame U Frame ITS05502 Figure 7 Procedural Support in Auto-Mode The CPU is informed about the status of the procedure and has to manage the receive and transmit data mainly. In order to maintain cost effectiveness and flexibility, such functions as link setup/disconnection and error recovery in case of protocol errors (U-frames of HDLC protocols) are not implemented in hardware and must be done by user’s software. Telecom specific features In a special operating mode, the HSCX can transmit or receive data packets in one of up to 64 time-slots of programmable width (clock mode 5). Furthermore, the HSCX can transmit or receive variable data portions within a defined window of one or more clock cycles, which has to be selected by an external strobe signal (clock mode 1). These features make the HSCX especially suitable for all applications using time division multiplex methods, such as time-slot oriented PCM systems, systems designed for packet switching, or in ISDN applications. FIFO buffers to efficient transfer of data packets. A further speciality of HSCX are the FIFO buffers used for the temporary storage of data packets transferred between the serial communications interface and the parallel system bus. Also because of the overlapping input/output operation (dual-port behaviour), the maximum message length is not limited by the size of the buffer. Together with the DMA capability, the dynamic load of the CPU is drastically reduced by transferring the data packets block by block via direct memory access. The CPU only has to initiate the data transmission by the HSCX and determine the status in case of completely received frames, but is not involved in data transfers. Semiconductor Group 23 SAB SAB SAF SAF 2 82525 82526 82525 82526 Operating Modes The HDLC controller of each channel can be programmed to operate in various modes, which are different in the treatment of the HDLC frame in receive direction. Thus, the receive data flow and the address recognition features can be effected in a very flexible way, which satisfies most requirements. There are 6 different operating modes which can be set via the MODE register. 2.1 Auto-Mode (MODE: MDS1, MDS0 = 00) Characteristics: Window size 1, arbitrary message length, address recognition. The HSCX processes autonomously all numbered frames (S-, I-frames) of an HDLC procedure. The HDLC control field, data in the I-field of the frames and an additional status byte is temporarily stored in the RFIFO. The HDLC control field as well as additional information can also be read from special registers (RHCR, RSTA). According to the selected address mode, the HSCX can perform a 2-byte or 1-byte address recognition. If a 2-byte address field is selected, the high address byte is compared with the fixed value FEH or FCH (group address) as well as with two individually programmable values in RAH1 and RAH2 registers. According to the ISDN LAPD protocol, bit 1 of the high byte address will be interpreted as COMMAND/RESPONSE bit (C/R), dependent on the setting of the CRI bit in RAH1, and will be excluded from the address comparison. Similary, two compare values can be programmed in special registers (RAL1, RAL2) for the low address byte. A valid address will be recognized in case the high and low byte of the address field correspond to one of the compare values. Thus, the HSCX can be called (addressed) with 6 different address combinations, however, only the logical connection identified through the address combination RAH1, RAL1 will be processed in the auto-mode, all others in the non-auto mode. HDLC frames with address fields that do not match with any of the address combinations, are ignored by the HSCX. In case of a 1-byte address, RAL1 and RAL2 will be used as compare registers. According to the X.25 LAPB protocol, the value in RAL1 will be interpreted as COMMAND and the value in RAL2 as RESPONSE. After receiving a frame it takes 5 clock cycles to generate the response frame and to start transmission. 2.2 Non-Auto Mode (MODE: MDS1, MDS0 = 01) Characteristics: address recognition, arbitrary window size. All frames with valid addresses (address recognition identical to auto-mode) are forwarded directly to the system memory. The HDLC control field, data in the I-field and an additional status byte are temporarily stored in the RFIFO. The HDLC control field and additional information can also be read from special registers (RHCR, RSTA). In non-auto mode, all frames are treated similarly. Semiconductor Group 24 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 2.3 Transparent Mode 1 (MODE: MDS1, MDS0, ADM = 101) Characteristics: address recognition high byte Only the high byte of a 2-byte address field will be compared. The whole frame except the first address byte will be stored in RFIFO. RAL1 contains the second and RHCR the third byte following the opening flag. 2.4 Transparent Mode 0 (MODE: MDS1, MDS0, ADM = 100) Characteristics: no address recognition No address recognition is performed and each frame will be stored in the RFIFO. RAL1 contains the first and RHCR the second byte following the opening flag. 2.5 Extended Transparent Modes 0; 1 (MODE: MDS1, MDS0 = 11) Characteristics: fully transparent In extended transparent modes, fully transparent data transmission/reception without HDLC framing is performed, i.e. without FLAG generation/recognition, CRC generation/check, bitstuffing mechanism. This allows user specific protocol variations or the usage of Character Oriented Protocols (such as IBM BISYNC). Data transmission is always performed out of the XFIFO. In extended transparent mode 0 (ADM = 0), data reception is done via the RAL1 register, which always contains the actual data byte assembled at the RxD pin. In extended transparent mode 1 (ADM = 1), the receive data are additional shifted into the RFIFO. Also refer to chapter 6.1 and 6.2. Semiconductor Group 25 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 2.6 Receive Data Flow (Summary) The following figure gives an overview of the management of the received HDLC frames as affected by different operating modes. FLAG MDS1 MDS0 ADM MODE ADDR CTRL ADDRESS CONTROL RAH1, 2 RAL1, 2 Ι CRC DATA FLAG STATUS RFIFO 0 0 1 Auto/16 RHCR RAL1, 2 0 0 0 1 1 RHCR 1 0 RSTA RAL1, 2 RFIFO Non Auto/16 RHCR RAL1, 2 0 RFIFO Auto/8 RAH1, 2 0 X RSTA X RSTA RFIFO Non Auto/8 RHCR RSTA RAH1, 2 RFIFO 1 0 1 Transparent 1 RAL1 RHCR RSTA RFIFO 1 0 0 Transparent 0 RAL1 RHCR ITD00228 Description of Symbols: Compared with (register) Processed autonomously Note: In case of on 8 Bit Address, the Control Field starts here! Stored (FIFO, register) Figure 8 Receive Data Flow of HSCX Semiconductor Group RSTA 26 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 2.7 Transmit Data Flow Two different types of frames can be transmitted: – I-frames and – transparent frames as shown below. FLAG ADDR CTRL ADDRESS CONTROL Transmit Transparent Frame (XTF) Transmit I-Frame (XIF) Ι CRC DATA XFIFO XAD2 CHECKRAM *1 XFIFO XAD1 FLAG *1 ITD00229 *1 Optional checkram handling in version 2 upward Figure 9 Transmit Data Flow of HSCX For I-frames (command XIF via CMDR register), the address and control fields are generated autonomously by the HSCX and the data in the XFIFO is entered into the information field of the frame. This is possible only, if the HSCX is operated in the auto-mode. For transparent frames (command XTF via CMDR register), the address and the control fields have to be entered in the XFIFO as well. This is possible in all operating modes and used also in auto-mode for sending U-frames. Semiconductor Group 27 SAB SAB SAF SAF 3 82525 82526 82525 82526 Procedural Support (Layer-2 Functions) When operating in the auto-mode, the HSCX offers a high degree of procedural support. In addition to address recognition, the HSCX autonomously processes all (numbered) S- and I-frames (prerequisite window size 1) with either normal or extended control field format (modulo 8 or modulo 128 sequence numbers – selectable via RAH2 register). The following functions will be performed: – updating of transmit and receive counter – evaluation of transmit and receive counter – processing of S commands – flow control with RR/RNR – generation of responses – recognition of protocol errors – transmitting of S commands, if acknowledgement is missing – continuous status query of opposite termination after RNR has been received – programmable timer/repeater functions. In addition, all unnumbered frames are forwarded directly to the processor. Additional logic connections can be operated in parallel by software. The logic link can be initialized by software at any time (RHR). 3.1 Full-Duplex LAPB/LAPD Operation Initially (i.e. after RESET), the LAP controllers of the two serial channels are configured to function as a combined station, where they autonomously perform a subset of the X.25 LAPB/ ISDN LAPD protocol. Reception of Frames The logic processing of received S-frames is performed by the HSCX without interrupting the µC. The µC is merely informed by interrupt with respect to status changes in the opposite station (receive ready/not receive ready) and protocol errors (unacceptable N(R) or S-frame with I field). I-frames are also processed autonomously and checked for protocol errors. The I-frame will not be accepted in the case of N(s) error (no interrupt is forwarded to the µC), but is immediately confirmed by an S response. If the µC sets the HSCX into a "receive not ready" status, an I-frame will not be accepted (no interrupt) and an RNR response is transmitted. U-frames are always stored in the RFIFO and forwarded directly to the µC. The logic sequence and the reception of a frame in the auto-mode is illustrated in figure 10. Note: The state variables N(S), N(R) are evaluated within the window size, i.e. the HSCX checks only the Isb of the receive and transmit counter regardless of the selected modulo count. Semiconductor Group 28 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Transmission of Frames The HSCX autonomously transmits S commands and S responses in the auto-mode. Either transparent or I-frames can be transmitted by the user. The software timer has to be operated in the internal timer mode to transmit I-frames. After the frame has been transmitted, the timer is self-started, the XFIFO is inhibited, and the HSCX waits for the arrival of a positive acknowledgement. This acknowledgement can be provided by means of an S- or I-frame. If no positive acknowledgement is received during time t1, the HSCX transmits an S command (p = 1), which must be followed by an S response (f = 1). If the S response is omitted, the process is performed n1 times before it is terminated. Upon the arrival of an acknowledgement or after the completion of this poll procedure the XFIFO is enabled and an interrupt is forwarded to the µC. Interrupts may be triggered by the following: – message has been acknowledged as positive (XPR interrupt) – message must be repeated (XMR interrupt) – response has not been received (TIN interrupt) Upon arrival of an RNR frame, the software timer is started and the status of the opposite station is polled periodically after expiration of t1, until the status "receive ready" has been detected. The user is informed accordingly via interrupt. If no response is received after n1 times an interrupt will be generated (TIN interrupt). As a result, the process will be terminated as illustrated in figure 11. Note: The internal timer mode should only be used in the auto-mode. Transparent frames can be transmitted in all operating modes. After the transmission of a transparent frame the XFIFO is immediately enabled, which is confirmed by interrupt (XPR). In this case, time monitoring can be performed with the timer in the external timer mode. Semiconductor Group 29 SAB SAB SAF SAF Rec. Activ 1 RR, REJ, SREJ Y Y Int : PCE Y N Y CRC Error or Abort ? N Y Prot. Error ? Y N RESET RRNR Set CRCE Int : RME Set RRNR 1 1 Aborted ? N N Set RAB Prot. Error ? Int : PCE U Frame I Frame RNR CRC Error or Abort ? N 82525 82526 82525 82526 Y Int : PCE Aborted ? CRC Error ? Y Set RAB N Prot. Error ? N N CRC Error ? Y 1 N N Wait for Acknowledge ? Set CRCE Wait for Acknowledge ? Y Y N(R) = V(S) + 1 ? N(R) = V(S) + 1 ? N N Y Y V(S) = V(S) + 1 N Response f=1 ? Y RESET Wait for Acknowledge V(S) = V(S) + 1 RESET Wait for Acknowledge Int : XMR Int : ALLS Int : ALLS Data Overflow ? RESET Wait for Acknowledge Y Int : ALLS Set RDO N Rec. Ready Int : RME Y N Command with p = 1 ? Y Rec. Ready ? N(S) = V(R) + 1 ? Y N Data Overflow ? Y Y Trm RR Response f = p N Trm RNR Response f = p N Int : RME Set RDO V(R) = V(R) + 1 Int : RME Trm RR Response f = p ITD00230 1 Figure 10 Processing of Received Frames in Auto-Mode Semiconductor Group 30 N SAB SAB SAF SAF T Proc. Inactiv Rec. RNR CMDR ; STI Set RRNR Trm RR/RNR Command p = 1 82525 82526 82525 82526 1 Trm I Frame Set wait for Acknowledge Load n1 Load t1 T Proc. Activ t 1 Run Out n1 = 0 ? 2 Rec. I Frame Y RRNR Set ? Rec. RR Response with f = 1 ? Y N N Rec.RNR 2 Y Load n1 N Load t 1 n1 = 7 Y Wait for Acknowledge ? ? N Wait for Acknowledge ? Y N N Y n1 = n1 - 1 Int : TIN Load t1 Rec. Ready N Y ? N(R) = V (S) + 1 ? Y Trm RR Command, p = 1 N Trm RNR Command, p = 1 1 2 1 2 ITD00231 Figure 11 Timer Procedure/Poll Cycle Semiconductor Group 31 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Examples The interaction between the HSCX and the CPU during the transmission and reception of I-frames is illustrated in figure 12, the flow control with RR/RNR during the reception of I-frames in figure 13, and during the transmission of I-frames in figure 14. Both the sequence of the poll cycle and protocol errors are illustrated in figure 15. Ι (0.0) XPR ALLS WFA RR (1) Transmit Ι Frame Ι (0.1) RME Reception Ι Frame RR (1) Ι (1.1) XPR ALLS WFA Transmit Ι Frame Confirm with Ι Frame Ι (1.2) RR (2) RME ITD00232 Figure 12 Transmission/Reception I-Frames RNR Ι (0.0) RNR (0) XRNR RR RME RR (0) p = 1 RR (0) f = 1 RR (0) p = 1 RR (0) f = 1 Ι (0.0) RR (1) ITD00234 Figure 13 Flow Control/Reception Semiconductor Group 32 SAB SAB SAF SAF Ι (0.0) XPR RNR (0) RSC(RNR) WFA RNR t1 RR (0) p = 1 RNR (0) f = 1 XMR ALLS t1 RR (0) p = 1 RR (0) f = 1 RSC (RR) ITD00233 Figure 14 Flow Control/Transmission Poll Cycle t1 WFA RR p = 1 t1 RR p = 1 t1 TIN ALLS XPR WFA Protocol Error Ι (0.0) RR (0) RR (0) p = 1 ALLS RR (1) PCE RR (2) ITD00235 Figure 15 S Commands/Protocol Error Semiconductor Group 33 82525 82526 82525 82526 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 3.2 Half-Duplex SDLC-NRM Operation The LAP controllers of the two serial channels can be configured to function in a half-duplex Normal Response Mode (NRM), where they will operate as a slave (secondary) station, by setting the NRM bit in the XBCH register of the respective channel. In contrast to the full-duplex LAPB/LAPD operation, where the combined (primary + secondary) station transmits both commands and responses and may transmit data at any time, the NRM mode allows only responses to be transmitted and the secondary station may transmit only when instructed to do so by the master (primary) station. The HSCX gets the permission to transmit a frame from the primary by an S-, or I-frame with the poll bit (p) set! The NRM mode can be profitably used in a point-to-multipoint configuration with a fixed master-slave relationship and avoids collisions on the common transmit line. It’s the responsibility of the master station to poll the slaves periodically and to process the error recovery. Prerequisite for NRM operation is: auto-mode with 8-bit address field selected MODE: MDS0, MDS1, ADM = 000 external timer mode MODE: TDM = 0 same transmit and receive addresses, since only responses can be transmitted, i.e. XAD1 = XAD2 = RAL1 = RAL2 ← (address of secondary) Note: The broadcast address may be programmed in RAL2 if broadcasting is required. Reception of Frames The reception of frames functions equally to the LAPB/LAPD operation. Transmission of Frames The HSCX does not transmit S-, or I-frames if not instructed to do so by the primary station sending an S-, or I-frame with the poll bit set. The HSCX can be prepared to send an I-frame by the CPU issuing an XIF command (via CMDR) at any time. The transmission of the frame, however, will not be initiated by the HSCX prior to the reception of either a RR, or I-frame with a poll bit set (p = 1). After the frame has been transmitted (with the final bit set), the XFIFO is inhibited and the HSCX waits for the arrival of a positive acknowledgement. Semiconductor Group 34 901.90 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Since the on-chip timer of the HSCX must be operated in the external mode (a secondary may not poll the primary for acknowledgements), time supervisory must be done by the primary station. Upon the arrival of an acknowledgement the XFIFO is enabled and an interrupt is forwarded to the CPU, either the – message has been acknowledged as positive (XPR interrupt), or the – message must be repeated (XMR interrupt). Additionally, the timer can be used under CPU control to provide timer recovery of the secondary if no acknowledgements are received at all. Note: The transmission of transparent frames is possible only if the permission to send is achieved by an S-frame (p = 1) or I-frame. Semiconductor Group 35 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Examples A few examples of HSCX/CPU interaction in case of NRM mode are provided in figure 16 to figure 19. RR (0) p = 1 RR (0) f = 1 HSCX Secondary Primary ITD00236 Figure 16 No Data to Send XIF Ι (0,0) p = 1 RME Ι (0,1) f = 1 Ι (1,1) p = 1 ALLS RR (2) f = 1 ITD00237 Figure 17 Data Reception/Transmission Semiconductor Group 36 SAB SAB SAF SAF XIF RR (0) p = 1 Ι (0,0) f = 1 RR (1) p = 0 ALLS ITD00238 Figure 18 Data Transmission (no Error) XIF RR (0) p = 1 Ι (0.0) f = 1 t RR (0) p = 1 XMR Read EXIR RR (0) f = 1 ITD00239 Figure 19 Data Transmission (Error) Semiconductor Group 37 82525 82526 82525 82526 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 3.3 Error Handling Depending on the error type, erroneous frames are handled according table 1. Table 1 Error Handling Frame Type Error Type Generated Response Generated Interrupt I CRC error aborted unexpec. N(S) unexpec. N(R) – – S-frame – RME RME – PCE CRC error abort – S CRC error aborted unexpec. N(R) with I-field – – – – – – PCE PCE – – Rec. Status Note: The station variables (V(S), V(R)) are not changed. 4 CPU Interface 4.1 Register Set The communication between the CPU and the HSCX is done via a set of directly accessible 8-bit registers. The CPU sets the operating modes, controls function sequences, and gets status information by writing or reading these registers (Command/Status transfer). Complete information concerning the register functions is provided in detailed register description. The most important functions programmable via these registers are: – setting of operating and clocking modes – layer-2 functions – data transfer modes (Interrupt, DMA) – bus mode – DPLL mode – baudrate generator – test loop Each of two serial channels of HSCX is controlled via an equal, but totally independent register file (channel A and channel B). 4.2 Data Transfer Modes Data transfer between the system memory and the HSCX for both transmit and receive direction is controlled by either interrupts (Interrupt Mode), or independently from CPU interaction using the HSCX’s 4-channel DMA interface (DMA Mode). After RESET, the HSCX operates in Interrupt Mode, where data transfer must be done by the CPU. The user selects the DMA Mode by setting the DMA bit in the XBCH register. Both channels can be independently operated in either Interrupt or DMA Mode (e.g. Channel A-DMA, Channel B-Interrupt). Semiconductor Group 38 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 4.3 Interrupt Interface Special events in the HSCX are indicated by means of a single interrupt output, which requests the CPU to read status information from the HSCX, or, if Interrupt Mode is selected, transfer data from/to HSCX. Since only one INT request output is provided, the cause of an interrupt must be determined by the CPU reading the HSCX’s interrupt status registers (ISTA, EXIR). The structure of the interrupt status registers is shown in figure 20. Figure 20 HSCX Interrupt Status Registers Semiconductor Group 39 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Five interrupt indications can be read directly from the ISTA register and another six interrupt indications from the extended interrupt register (EXIR). After the HSCX has requested an interrupt by setting its INT pin to low, the CPU must first read the interrupt status register of channel B (ISTA-B) in the associated interrupt service routine. The three lowest order bits (bit 2-0) of ISTA-B (ICA, EXA, EXB) point are set to those registers in which the actual interrupt source is indicated. It is possible that several interrupt sources are indicated referring to one interrupt request (e.g. if the ICA bit is set, at least one interrupt is indicated in the ISTA register of channel A). An interrupt source from channel B is implicitly indicated by bits 7-3 of ISTA-B; therefore these bits must also always be checked. The INT pin of the HSCX remains active until all interrupt sources are cleared by reading the corresponding interrupt register. Therefore it is possible that the INT pin is still active when the interrupt service routine is finished. For some interrupt controllers or CPUs it might be necessary to generate a new edge on the interrupt line to recognize pending interrupts. This can be done by masking all interrupts at the end of the interrupt service routine (writing FFH into the MASK register) and write back the old mask to the MASK register. The HSCX interrupt sources can be logically grouped into – receive interrupts, – transmit interrupts, and – special condition interrupts. Each interrupt indication of the ISTA registers can be selectively masked by setting the respective bit in the MASK register. The following tables give a complete overview of the individual interrupt indications and the cause of their activation as well as specific restrictions (marked with ’’*’’). Semiconductor Group 40 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Table 2 Receive Interrupts RECEIVE INTERRUPTS RPF Receive Pool Full (ISTA) *Only activated in Interrupt Mode! Activated as soon as 32-bytes are stored in the RFIFO but the message is not yet completed. RME Receive Message End (ISTA) Interrupt Mode: Activated if either one message up to 32 bytes or the last part of a message with more than 32 bytes is stored in the RFIFO, i.e. after the reception of the CRC and closing flag sequence. DMA Mode: Activated after the complete message has been read out by the DMA controller. RFO Receive Frame Overflow (EXIR) Activated if a complete frame could not be stored due to occupied RFIFO, i.e. the RFIFO is full and the HSCX has detected the start of a new frame. RFS Receive Frame Start (EXIR) *Only activated if enabled by setting the RIE bit in CCR2 register. Activated after the start of a valid frame has been detected, i.e. after a valid address check in operation modes providing address recognition, otherwise after the opening flag (transparent mode 0), delayed by two bytes. After an RFS interrupt, the contents of – RHCR – RAL1 – RSTA – bit 3-0 are valid and can be read by the CPU. Semiconductor Group 41 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Table 3 Transmit Interrupts TRANSMIT INTERRUPTS XPR Transmit Pool Ready (ISTA) Activated whenever a 32-byte FIFO pool is empty and accessible to the CPU, i.e. – following a XRES command via CMDR. Interrupt Mode: Repeatedly during frame transmission started by XTF or XIF command, and no end of message indication (XME command) has been issued yet by the CPU, – after the end-of-message indication when frame transmission of a transparent frame is completed (i.e. CRC and closing flag sequence are shifted out), Auto-Mode: If an I-frame has been positively acknowledged by the opposite station. XMR Transmit Message Repeat (EXIR) Auto-Mode: Activated if the last transmitted I-frame has to be repeated due to the reception of a negative acknowledgement (S-, or I-frame with unaccording receive sequence number) of the opposite station. Bus Configuration: A collision has occurred after sending the 32nd data byte of a message. Point-to-Point Configuration: CTS has been withdrawn after sending the 32nd data byte. XDU Transmit Data Underrun (EXIR) Semiconductor Group Activated if the XFIFO holds no further data, i.e. all data has been shifted out via the serial T×D pin, but no End Of Message (EOM) indication has been detected by the HSCX. The EOM indication is supplied either – by a XME command from the CPU in Interrupt Mode, – or by checking the pre-programmed transmit byte count (via XBCH, XBCL) against the actual amount of data bytes shifted out in DMA Mode. 42 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 Table 4 Special Condition Interrupts SPECIAL CONDITION INTERRUPTS Layer 2-Specific * Activated only if the "Auto" operating mode has been selected via MODE register) RSC Receive Status Change Activated after a status change of the opposite stations receiver has been detected (Receiver Ready/Receiver Not Ready) due to the reception of a – RR frame, if receiver was not ready, or – RNR frame, if receiver was ready. PCE Protocol Error Activated if a protocol violation has been detected due to the reception of – an S-, or I-frame with incorrect N(R), – an S-frame containing an I-field. Timer Interrupt (ISTA) Activated if the internal timer and repeat counter has been expired (see description of TIMR register in chapter 8). CTS Status Change (EXIR) * Only activated if enabled by setting the CIE bit in the CCR2 register. Internal Timer TIN External Pin CSC 4.4 DMA Interface The HSCX comprises a 4-channel DMA interface for fast and effective data transfers. For both serial channels, a separate DMA Request Output for Transmit (DRQT) and receive direction (DRQR) as well as a DMA Acknowledgement (DACK) input is provided. The HSCX activates the DRQ line as long as data transfers are needed from/to the specific FIFO (level triggered demand transfer mode of DMA controller). It’s the responsibility of the DMA controller to perform the correct amount of bus cycles. Either read cycles will be performed if the DMA transfer has been requested from the receiver, or write cycles if DMA has been requested from the transmitter. If the DMA controller provides a DMA acknowledge signal (input to the HSCX’s DACK pin), each bus cycle implicitly selects the top of the specific FIFO and neither address (via A0-A6) nor chip select need to be supplied (I/O to Memory transfers). If no DACK signal is supplied, normal read/write operations (providing addresses) must be performed (memory to memory transfers). The HSCX deactivates the DRQ line immediately after the last read/write cycle of the data transfer has started. Semiconductor Group 43 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 HSCX supports target synchronous as well as source synchronous DMA transfer. In source synchronous DMA transfer mode a DMA cycle is started when an active level occurs an the DMA request line. This request is controlled by the source (transfer peripheral device → memory). First of all the data is read out of the peripheral device. During the second clock cycle it is written into the memory according to the target address. If there is target synchronous DMA transfer the DMA cycle is started when there is an active level on the DMA request line. The request is controlled by the target (transfer memory → peripheral). First of all the data is read from the memory. During the second clock cycle it is written into the peripheral IC. The DMA request line continues being activated until it is reset by a write cycle to a peripheral device IC. T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4 CLOCKOUT DRQ RD (FIFO) WR (Memory) ITD02697 t CLRL t INVCL t DRHSYS t DRHSYS max = T2 + T3 + T4 - t CLRL - t INVCL = 3 x t CLCL - t CLRL - t INVCL f CLKOUT t CLCL t CLRL t INVCL t DRHSYS max 8 MHz 12.5 MHz 16 MHz Semiconductor Group 125 ns 80 ns 62.5 ns 44 ns 37 ns 31 ns 15 ns 15 ns 15 ns 316 ns 188 ns 141.5 ns 44 SAB SAB SAF SAF T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 82525 82526 82525 82526 T4 CLOCKOUT DRQ RD (Memory) WR (FIFO) ITD02698 t CVCTV t INVCL t DRHSYS t DRHSYS max = T2 - t CVCTV f CLKOUT t CLCL 8 MHz 12.5 MHz 16 MHz 125 ns 80 ns 62.5 ns - t INVCL t CVCTV 56 ns 47 ns 31 ns t INVCL t DRHSYS max 15 ns 15 ns 15 ns 54 ns 18 ns 16.5 ns If you use the write signal instead of the chip select signal in order to reset the DMA request you gain some time. The extra circuit is just an AND gate. The first input of the AND gate is connected to the DMA request line of the peripheral IC; the second input is connected to the chip select line. The AND gate’s output is the DMA request signal for the 80(C)188. & DRQ DRQTx 80(C)188 HSCX PCS CS ITS02699 Theoretically, the request line of an 80(C)188, for example, would still be active when the determination is made and DMA cycles would be performed permanently. Therefore the decision of the DMA request line is delayed; it is already made two clock cycles before the end of the write cycle. If no wait-states are inserted the decision is made at the end of the T2 clock cycle. Due to the fact that the write signal will be valid at the beginning of T2 there is only little time left for resetting the DMA request line. Semiconductor Group 45 SAB SAB SAF SAF T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 82525 82526 82525 82526 T4 CLOCKOUT DRQTx DRQ RD (Memory) t CHCSX CS (FIFO) t CVCTV WR (FIFO) ITD02700 t CLCSV t DRHSYS max = T2 + T3 + T4/2 - t CVCTV + t CHCSX f CLKOUT t CLCL t CVCTV t CHCSX 8 MHz 12.5 MHz 16 MHz 125 ns 80 ns 62.5 ns 56 ns 47 ns 31 ns 5 ns 5 ns 5 ns t DRHSYS t DRHSYS max 261ns 158 ns 130 ns The circuit mentioned above results in a slower data transfer with the HSCX. HSCX usually performs block transfers. The block length is up to 32 bytes. The DMA request line of the IC remains active as long as more data are needed. Having transmitted the last byte the DMA request is being reset. Using the additional circuit the DMA request line will be active at least shortly before T4. So the next DMA cycle will be started four (instead of two) clock cycles later. Therefore the maximum transmission rate is reduced from 1.25 Mbyte/s to 1.04 Mbyte/s (clock rate: 12.5 MHz). For more information refer to chapter 7.2 (Data Transmission: DMA Mode), chapter 7.3 (Data Reception: DMA mode), and Appendix C (Application Example HSCX with 80(C)188 using DMA). Semiconductor Group 46 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 4.5 FIFO Structure In both transmit and receive direction 64-byte deep FIFO’s are provided for the intermediate storage of data between the serial interface and the CPU interface. The FIFO’s are divided into two halves of 32-bytes, where only one half is accessible to the CPU or DMA controller at any time. The organization of the Receive FIFO (RFIFO) is such, that in the case of a frame at most 64 bytes long, the whole frame may be stored in the RFIFO. After the first 32 bytes have been received, the HSCX prompts to read the 32-byte block by means of interrupt or DMA request (RPF interrupt or activation of DRQR line). This block remains in the RFIFO until a confirmation is given to the HSCX acknowledging the transfer of the data block. This confirmation is either a RMC (Receive Message Complete) command via the CMDR register in Interrupt Mode, or is implicitly achieved in DMA mode after 32-bytes have been read from the RFIFO. As a result, it’s possible in Interrupt Mode, to read out the data block any number of times until the RMC command is issued. The configuration of the RFIFO prior to and after acknowledgement is shown in figure 21. 32 Bytes Inaccessible 32 Bytes Accessible Free Block B+1 Block B Block B+1 a) Prior to Acknowledgement b) After Acknowledgement ITD01582 Figure 21 Configuration of RFIFO (Long Frames) Semiconductor Group 47 SAB SAB SAF SAF 82525 82526 82525 82526 If frames longer than 64 bytes are received, the device will repeatedly prompt to read out 32byte data blocks via interrupt or DMA. In the case of several shorter frames, up to 17 may be stored in the HSCX. If the accessible half of the RFIFO contains a frame i (or the last part of frame i), up to 16 short frames may be stored in the other half (i + 1,. . ., i + n) meanwhile, prior to frame i being fetched from the RFIFO. This is illustrated in figure 22. For a description of a transmit and receive sequence in both Interrupt or DMA Mode, please refer to chapter 7.2 and 7.3. Frame i + n 32 Bytes Inaccessible 0 < n